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The Ancient Greeks have long been considered the forefathers of modern Western civilization, but the Golden Age of Athens and the spread of Greek influence across much of the known world only occurred due to one of the most crucial battles of antiquity: the Battle of Marathon. In 491 BC, following a successful invasion of Thrace over the Hellespont, the Persian emperor Darius sent envoys to the main Greek city-states, including Sparta and Athens, demanding tokens of earth and water as symbols of submission, but Darius didn't exactly get the reply he sought. According to Herodotus in his famous Histories, "Xerxes however had not sent to Athens or to Sparta heralds to demand the gift of earth, and for this reason, namely because at the former time when Dareios had sent for this very purpose, the one people threw the men who made the demand into the pit and the others into a well, and bade them take from thence earth and water and bear them to the king." Thus, in 490 BC, after the revolt in Ionia had been crushed, Darius sent his general Mardonius, at the head of a massive fleet and invading force, to destroy the meddlesome Greeks, starting with Athens. The Persian army, numbering anywhere between 30,000 and 300,000 men, landed on the plain at Marathon, a few dozen miles from Athens, where an Athenian army of 10,000 hoplite heavy infantry supported by 1,000 Plataeans prepared to contest their passage. The Athenians appealed to the Spartans for help, but the Spartans dithered; according to the Laws of Lycurgus, they were forbidden to march until the waxing moon was full. Accordingly, their army arrived too late. Thus, it fell upon the Athenians to shoulder the burden. Greco-Persian Wars - Wikipedia Greco-Persian Wars; Persian soldier (left) and Greek hoplite (right) depicted fighting on an ancient kylix 5th century BC Maps Chronological: Ancient Times - 401 BC Maps Chronological: Ancient Times - 401 BC The maps in this collection are indexed first in chronological order and then alphabetically Battle of Marathon - Wikipedia The Battle of Marathon (Greek: Mach tou Marathnos) took place in 490 BC during the first Persian invasion of Greece Persian Wars - Ancient History Encyclopedia The Persian Wars refers to the conflict between Greece and Persia in the 5th century BCE which involved two invasions by the latter in 490 and 480 BCE Greek Wars: The Most Important Battles Of Ancient Greece The Most Important Battles Of Ancient Greece: Battle of Marathon 490 BC The Battle of Marathon took place during the first Persian invasion of Greece fought History Map Archive: 1201-1500 - emersonkentcom Greco-Persian Wars Also called the Persian Wars the Greco-Persian Wars were fought for almost half a century from 492 BC - 449 BC Greco-Persian Wars 492-449 BC Britannicacom Greco-Persian Wars also called Persian Wars (492449 bce) a series of wars fought by Greek states and Persia over a period of almost half a century Top 10 Battles of the Greco-Persian Wars - Toptenznet Only not really Neither side had been destroyed in the conflict which meant new wars could spring up to disturb the peace of the Aegean Sea One of which was the Greco-Persian Wars: Xerxes' Invasion HistoryNet The flower of western civilization burst into full bloom five centuries before the birth of Jesus Christ Never before or since has an outpouring of cultural Salamis - Ancient History Encyclopedia With defeat at Thermopylae the inconclusive naval battle at Artemision and Xerxes Persian army on the rampage the Greek city-states faced an unprecedented
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